Smoke production in fires
Publiceringsår
1995
Upphovspersoner
Sarvaranta, Leena; Kokkala, Matti
Abstrakt
Characterization of smoke, factors influencing smoke production and experimental methods for measuring smoke production are discussed in this literature review. Recent test-based correlation models are also discussed. Despite the large number of laboratories using different fire testing methods, published smoke data have been scarce. Most technical literature on smoke production from building materials is about experimental results in small scale tests. Compilations from cone calorimeter tests have been published for a few materials, e.g. upholstered furniture materials and some building products. Mass optical density data and compilations of gravimetric soot data are available for various materials as well as a number of smoke obscuration values. For a given material often a wide range of values of smoke output can be found in the literature and care should be excercised in applying the appropriate value in each case. Little information is available in scientific literature concerning modelling or predictive correlations between small scale smoke data and real fires or large scale test results. The scale dependence of the rate of smoke production is generally not well known. In laboratory experiments, the production of smoke and its optical properties are often measured simultaneously with other fire properties as heat release and flame spread. The measurements are usually dynamic in full scale, i.e. they are performed in a flow-through system. In small scale they may be either dynamic, as in the cone calorimeter, or static, i.e. the smoke is accumulated in a closed box. Small-scale tests are necessary as practical tools. Full-scale tests are generally considered to be more reliable and are needed to validitate the small-scale tests. Quantitative prediction of the rate of smoke production using basic principles for commercially available construction products is not currently possible. Test-based correlation studies are therefore needed to enable the use of small scale test data in determining the fire hazard of products. There seems to be some evidence that the early stages of certain full scale scenarios can be predicted, whereas post-flashover smoke production cannot yet be resolved. Flow-through systems have been suggested as one means of obtaining correlations between small scale and large scale data.
Visa merOrganisationer och upphovspersoner
Teknologiska forskningscentralen VTT Ab
Sarvaranta Leena
Publikationstyp
Publikationsform
Separat verk
Målgrupp
Facklig
UKM:s publikationstyp
D4 Publicerad utvecklings- eller forskningsrapport eller -utredning
Publikationskanalens uppgifter
Förläggare
Nummer
1708
ISSN
ISBN
Publikationsforum
Öppen tillgång
Öppen tillgänglighet i förläggarens tjänst
Nej
Licens för förläggarens version
Annan licens
Parallellsparad
Nej
Övriga uppgifter
Nyckelord
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Språk
engelska
Internationell sampublikation
Nej
Sampublikation med ett företag
Nej
Publikationen ingår i undervisnings- och kulturministeriets datainsamling
Nej