Review of black carbon emission factors from different anthropogenic sources
Publiceringsår
2023
Upphovspersoner
Rönkkö, Topi; Saarikoski, Sanna; Kuittinen, Niina; Karjalainen, Panu; Keskinen, Helmi; Järvinen, Anssi; Mylläri, Fanni; Aakko-Saksa, Päivi; Timonen, Hilkka
Abstrakt
<p>Particulate black carbon (BC) affects global warming by absorbing the solar radiation, by affecting cloud formation, and by decreasing ground albedo when deposited to snow or ice. BC has also a wide variety of adverse effects on human population health. In this article we reviewed the BC emission factors (EFs) of major anthropogenic sources, i.e. traffic (incl. marine and aviation), residential combustion, and energy production. We included BC EFs measured directly from individual sources and EFs derived from ambient measurements. Each source category was divided into sub-categories to find and demonstrate systematical trends, such as the potential influence of fuel, combustion technologies, and exhaust/flue gas cleaning systems on BC EFs. Our review highlights the importance of society level emission regulation in BC emission mitigation; a clear BC emission reduction was observed in ambient studies for road traffic as well as in direct emission measurements of diesel-powered individual vehicles. However, the BC emissions of gasoline vehicles were observed to be higher for vehicles with direct fuel injection techniques (gasoline direct injection) than for vehicles with port-fueled injection, indicating potentially negative trend in gasoline vehicle fleet BC EFs. In the case of shipping, a relatively clear correlation was seen between the engine size and BC EFs so that the fuel specific BC EFs of the largest engines were the lowest. Regarding the BC EFs from residential combustion, we observed large variation in EFs, indicating that fuel type and quality as well as combustion appliances significantly influence BC EFs. The largest data gaps were in EFs of large-scale energy production which can be seen crucial for estimating global radiative forcing potential of anthropogenic BC emissions. In addition, much more research is needed to improve global coverage of BC EFs. Furthermore, the use of existing data is complicated by different EF calculation methods, different units used in reporting and by variation of results due to different experimental setups and BC measurement methods. In general, the conducted review of BC EFs is seen to significantly improve the accuracy of future emission inventories and the evaluations of the climate, air quality, and health impacts of anthropogenic BC emissions.</p>
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Publikationstyp
Publikationsform
Artikel
Moderpublikationens typ
Tidning
Artikelstyp
En översiktsartikel
Målgrupp
VetenskapligKollegialt utvärderad
Kollegialt utvärderadUKM:s publikationstyp
A2 Översiktsartikel i en vetenskaplig tidskriftPublikationskanalens uppgifter
Journal
Volym
18
Nummer
3
Artikelnummer
033004
ISSN
Publikationsforum
Publikationsforumsnivå
3
Öppen tillgång
Öppen tillgänglighet i förläggarens tjänst
Ja
Öppen tillgång till publikationskanalen
Delvis öppen publikationskanal
Licens för förläggarens version
CC BY
Parallellsparad
Ja
Parallellagringens licens
CC BY
Övriga uppgifter
Vetenskapsområden
Fysik; Geovetenskaper; Miljöteknik
Nyckelord
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Förlagets internationalitet
Internationell
Språk
engelska
Internationell sampublikation
Nej
Sampublikation med ett företag
Ja
DOI
10.1088/1748-9326/acbb1b
Publikationen ingår i undervisnings- och kulturministeriets datainsamling
Ja